Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Qualitative Anion Tests Essay - 1330 Words

Exercise 14: Qualitative Anion Tests PURPOSE: The purpose of this experiment is to identify some commonly occurring anions to study some of the reactions used for their identification. PROCEDURE: You must first determine to which of the three groups the various anions belong. Since no two people observe the same event in exactly the same way it is important to also conduct specific confirmation tests on the known samples of each anion. This information will help identify the anion present in the unknown solution. After determining to which group the unknown solution belongs the specific confirmation test will enable you to conclusively identify which anion is present in the unknown solution. 1. Before beginning, set†¦show more content†¦If the paper turns black (caused by PbS) this indicates the presence of sulfide. Thoroughly clean and dry the test tubes before beginning tests on the next solution. Cleanup: Tightly cap the bottle of silver nitrate solution and put it in the Experiment 11 bag so it will be easy to find when you need it for the next experiment. Flush any other remaining solutions down the drain with lots of water. Properly rinse all equipment used, then dry and store for future use. OBSERVATIONS: | | |Data Table: Qualitative Anion Tests | | |Test Tube 1 |Test Tube 2 w/AgNO3 | |Test Tube 3 | |Name |w/HCl | |w/HNO |Confirmation | | |NR |White ppt |Not dissolved |Gold color | |Bromide | | | | | | |Gas |White ppt |DissolvedShow MoreRelatedAn Introduction to Qualitative Analysis1588 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿An Introduction to Qualitative Analysis Purpose:   Tests the ions of Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+,   and identify them separately. By using these   observations, identify the unknown ion. Then tests   the ions of SO42-, CO32-, Cl-, and I-,identify them separately, and use the observation to identify the unknown.   Procedure Part I -  Qualitative  Analysis of Group 2 Elements   Mix 0.02M K2CrO4 with each Mg(NO3)2, Ca(NO3)2, Sr(NO3)2 and   Ba(NO3)2 together. Secondly, mix 0.1M (NH4)2C2O4 insteadRead MoreA Experiment On Unknown Salt Solution957 Words   |  4 Pagesthe pairing anion. To figure out the cations, many tests and observations were needed to be made. With the gathered flame test results, and the information given in the procedure, conclusions could be made. Solution A is Sr2+ since it tested crimson red. Solution C is Ba2+ because it tested green. Solution D is Li+ because it turned the flame carmine red. Finally, solution G is Na+ because the flame had an intense colour of orange-yellow. The other ions did not give any specific flame test colour. TheRead MoreLab Report On The Chemical Parts Of A Substance1478 Words   |  6 PagesIntroductory Chemistry 1110 Qualitative Analysis Using Precipitation Reactions Lab reports are due week of September 29 – October 3, 2014. Your lab report must contain the following information: Experimental data may be collected with other students in introductory chemistry labs. However, I understand that sharing information required for a lab report or unknown submission (including but not limited to word processing or spreadsheet files, calculations, graphs, conclusions and additionalRead MoreThe Separation And Identification Of A Series Of Cations Essay1346 Words   |  6 PagesThe Separation and Identification of a Series of Cations Ethan Northcutt BB2 November 2nd, 2016 Abstract Ten cations were reacted with eleven anions and the results of the reactions were recorded; the reactions were performed so that the results could be used in the qualitative analysis of an unknown mixture containing a combination of the same ten cations. There are some distinct differences between the reactions that occurred and the reactions that were predicted to occur. The discrepanciesRead MoreEssay about Qualitative Analysis Discussion856 Words   |  4 PagesDISCUSSION: Qualitative analysis is used to determine the presence of cations or anions present within a sample and their impurities. Information known, such as chemical and physical properties, about cations and anions can be used to determine what steps should be used to separate the sample into one, specific ion. Qualitative analysis involves forming and decomposing complex ions. Qualitative tests are very sensitive, allowing to detect a very small amount present in sample. Due to sensitivityRead MoreAcid And Bases Lab Project 71620 Words   |  7 Pagessolved in this study deals with analyzing unknown solutions. In this particular case, a chemical company has several unknown solutions and to correctly dispose of them they need to know their properties. To figure out the properties several qualitative tests were performed throughout the study (Cooper 2012). To start out this study the difference between acids and bases has to be identified. Acids have very low pHs and have a high concentration of hydronium ions, while bases have a high pH and haveRead MoreSleuth your slurry2119 Words   |  9 Pagesidentification of that substance is revealed through a seires of tests that involve chemical and physical properties of that substance. Problem: You are given an unknown chemical substance that you need to be able to identify. How are you going to do this? The compound can be either harmful or toxic, so what you need to do is test all of its physical and chemical properties, and then find out the synthesis of the substance. Qualitative testing and quantitative testing is essential in discoveringRead MoreUsing A Standard Solution Of Potassium Manganate1297 Words   |  6 Pagesachieve a precise result. With this method being a good quantitative test it provided us with accurate results and I believe this is down to the equipment and timings as they were precise. The only reason why I would improve the method and experiment is so that I could get even better and even more accurate results with a higher level of precision. Qualitative tests for Cations and Anions We began this experiment by testing for anions. We had a sheet in front of us which had the expected reaction andRead MoreUnknown Compound Formal Lab Write Up1918 Words   |  8 Pagesdetermined by a flame and ion test to identify the cation and anion present in the compound. To confirm the identity, an ammonium test and conductivity test was conducted. After, the unknown compound, which was identified as Calcium(II)Nitrate, was synthesized in an acid-base reaction between Nitric Acid and Calcium Carbonate. The increments used were done so in order to obtain a theoretical yield of 1.0 gram of Ca(NO3)2. Introduction The objective of this lab was to use qualitative and quantitative measurementsRead MoreSeparation and Qualitative Determination of Cations and Anions2533 Words   |  11 PagesSeparation and Qualitative Determination of Cations and Anions Instructor’s Guide Master Materials List (complete for 24 students working in pairs) Silver nitrate, AgNO3, 0.2 M, 100 mL* Silver nitrate, AgNO3, 0.1 M, 100 mL* Cupric nitrate, Cu(No3)2, .02 M, 100 mL* Zinc nitrate, Zn(NO3)2, 0.2 M, 100 mL* Ferric nitrate, Zn(NO3)2, 0.2 M, 100 mL* Hydrochloric acid, HCl, 6 M, 125 mL* Nitric acid, HNO3, 6 M, 125 mL* Ammonia, NH3, 6 M, 125 mL* Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, 6 M, 125 mL* Acetic acid

Monday, December 23, 2019

Profiling And The Genocide Of The Native Americans

PROFILING Donavan Outlaw Newark High School 11/20/15 ABSTRACT This paper will cover profiling as a whole. It will discuss what profiling is how long it’s been around on earth and if it’s a thing were born with or obtained. It will also bring up examples of genocides, and mass hate throughout the various civilizations around the world. Events like the holocaust and the Pearl Harbor bombing aftermath. Also segregation and the genocide of the Native Americans by Christopher Columbus. We will see how diversity can drive people mindless and irrational. We will also see how people react when their safety is in danger. Overall this paper will dive deep into the mental thought process of humans and why they don’t like things that are different or don’t necessarily welcome them as hastily. Profiling- the act or practice of regarding particular people as more likely to commit crimes because of their appearance, race, etc. -Merriam Webster dictionary Profiling should be abolished in general for us to move forward as an effective world. Over decades profiling and discrimination has been one of the main sources of disputes like wars, genocides, and many tensions and an overall overview of hate. The most efficient fuel behind profiling is ignorance. From the words of Martin Luther King Jr â€Å"Nothing in all the world is more dangerousShow MoreRelatedMigrant Workers and Xenophobia1425 Words   |  6 Pagesemployment policies operate in favor of â€Å"national workers† (1). In Singapore, migrant workers make up a larger percentage of the population thereby leading to competition over employment with the natives. As such, the possibility of xenophobia prevailing in Singapore is high. This is because competition between natives and foreigners over meager economic res ources has always led to xenophobia in many other countries. For example, xenophobia has been a problem in South Africa because the residents accuseRead MoreThe Role Of Colonialism During The Emergence Of Black And Brown1078 Words   |  5 PagesRiot Act passed in 1787 was placed to squander ‘agrarian disturbances’ which considered unlawful assembly a felony punishable by death (William pg. 340). Ideology or discourse makes laws understandable and legal even if the laws are based on racial profiling and discrimination (1/17/17 Lecture 3). Therefore, the neither Irish nor Brown and Black people have access to full entitlement of what laws and democracy are supposed to protect. Property is so deeply embedded it is attached to personhood that itRead MoreI First Visited The Virtual Holocaust Museum Website And Researched The Bodies Of The Holocaust871 Words   |  4 Pageswebsite classified the term Genocide to commit violent crimes against groups with the intent to destroy the existence of the group. The central issue raised by the site is informing people the awareness of Genocide. When I was looking into the cases mentioned on the website many of the cases are â€Å"racial profiling† against culture, religion and race. During the Holocaust the Nazis were a group that had wealth and power. According to Koppelman, during slavery, African Americans dead bodies were tossedRead MoreWhy Do Governments Participate During Ethnocide And How Can Removing One s Cultural Identity Harm Society As A Whole1728 Words   |  7 Pagesof the Indian: U.S. Politics of Ethnocide Through Education by Donald Grinde (2004); Rethinking Cultural Genocide: Aboriginal Child Removal and Settler-Colonial State Formation by Robert van Krieken (2004); and Resistance and Response: Ethnocide and Genocide in the Nuba Mountains by Mohamed Salih Mohamed (1995). Grinde studies the effect on Native children through their immersion in American culture through the obligatory school system set up for them. In doing so, he identified how their languageRead MoreWitch Hunts : The Salem Witch Trials Of 1692938 Words   |  4 PagesSolution, the genocide of the Jews of Europe, and to increase the pace of the Holocaust by establishing extermination camps specifically to kill Jews. The mass murdering of so many Jews is just disgusting and also because it was done for basically no reason. This could certainly be an example of a modern witch hunt. The percentage of Hispanics pulled over and searched by a police officer in the United States was nearly four times that of White Americans, the percentage of African Americans pulled overRead MoreRacism And Hate Crime891 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican-Americans, However the offspring of slave-owners were taught that this type of treatment was acceptable and their beliefs were passed onto their younger generations which is why racism is still demonstrated today. We should all be aware by now, that when the Europeans arrived in North American shores this land had already been discovered and was being occupied by the Native Americans. Europeans had a plan to subdue and conquer the land and with it came racism and bigotry against Native AmericansRead MorePolice Brutality on Minorities1643 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscrimination in police forces has been a characteristic of the American landscape. Racial profiling and police brutality have their roots in enforcement of slave codes, black codes, and Jim Crow Segregation laws. We Charge Genocide, a petition submitted to the UN by the Civil Rights Congress in 1951, documented thousands of incidents of police violence against African Americans alone. Police brutality against Native Americans has also been a regular of colonial culture in the U.S. as well. Read MoreThe United States Of America1551 Words   |  7 Pages The United States of America: the place that praises the â€Å" American Dreamâ €  that countless people try following but never really succeed in accomplishing because of systemic racism. It’s easy to tell people to pull themselves up by their bootstraps, but what if they don’t even have bootstraps to begin with? The American Dream is a sugar coated lie. After hundreds of years of colonization, mass genocide, racism, white supremacy†¦ It is deceptive to tell minorities that they can be as successful asRead MoreRace And Racial Relations During The United States1380 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States because our country is home to many immigrants and there has been many issues regarding race in this country. For example, African Americans struggled to be accepted and treated as an equal—dealing with racism. Diversity is a huge factor in this country since it is increasing every moment. In order to survive, immigrants must assimilate to American culture and its economy while keeping their cultures intact. 2. What does color blindness refer to? What are some of the most appealing elementsRead MoreHollywood : 50 Shades Of White1525 Words   |  7 Pagesdesignated to an empowered female character that saves China was the problem, the problem was the lack of representation that presented itself to me at such a young age. For all the adolescent African-American children, they only have Tiana from Princess and the Frog. All the young Native American children can only personally identify as Pocahontas. While little Middle Eastern children only have Jasmine from Aladdin. It seems as if producers would create a token princess to encompass the entire

Saturday, December 14, 2019

English Romanticism Free Essays

string(494) " of these men has been adopted \(purified indeed from what appear to be its real defects, from all lasting and rational causes of dislike or disgust\) because such men hourly communicate with the best objects from which the best part of language is originally derived; and because, from their rank in society and the sameness and narrow circle of their intercourse, being less under the influence of social vanity, they convey their feelings and notions in simple and unelaborated expressions\." English Romanticism 1798-1832 Historical Background Industrial Revolution 1776 American Revolution 1789 – 1815 Revolutionary and Napoleonic Period in France 1789 storming of the Bastille 1793 King Louis XVI executed Political unrest in Britain, harsh repressive measures against radicals Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution of France 1790 Tom Paine, Rights of Man 1791 Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 1792 1793 Britain at war with France The Regency 1811-20 George, Prince of Wales acts as Regent for George III 1815 Waterloo; first modern industrial depression 819 Peterloo, St. Peter’s Fields, Manchester 1832 First Reform Bill Social and economic changes Industrialisation – the age of the machine Social philosophy of laissez-faire ‘let alone’ urbanisation Literature Lyrical poetry Two generations of poets First generation: WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, S. T. We will write a custom essay sample on English Romanticism or any similar topic only for you Order Now COLERIDGE Second generation: BYRON, SHELLEY, KEATS Keats ‘Great spirits now on earth are sojourning’ William Hazlitt – the new poetry ‘had its origin in the French Revolution. It was a time of promise, of renewal of the world – and of letters. ‘ Wordsworth, The Prelude France standing on the top of golden hours And human nature seeming born again! Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, But to be young was very heaven†¦. The poet as a ‘bard’ or ‘prophet’ Poetic spontaneity and freedom Poetry – subjective; it expresses the poet’s own feelings (lyric poetry) Rebellion against the Neo-classical ‘rules’ Keats: ‘if poetry comes not as naturally as the leaves to a tree it had not come at all’ The importance of ‘the heart’ – instinct, intuition, INDIVIDUALISM, NONCONFORMITY The human mind – IMAGINATION Turning to NATURE THE INTEREST IN THE SUPERNATURAL, and DREAMS 1798 Wordsworth Coleridge LYRICAL BALLADS 770 born at Cockermouth, The Lake District Educated at Cambridge 1791-2 France – Annette Vallon 1795, reunited with his sister Dorothy meets S. T. Coleridge 1797 moves with his sister Dorothy to Alfoxden to be close to Coleridge, who lives at Nether Stowey (Somerset) The role of friendship wit h Coleridge 1798/1799 Goslar, Germany 1799 settles with Dorothy in the Lake District, first at Grasmere 1802 marries Mary Hutchinson 1813 appointed stamp distributor for Westmoreland – becomes patriotic, conservative public man, abandoning radical politics and idealism 1843 Poet Laureate Lyrical Ballads 1798 Coleridge on composition of Lyrical Ballads in Ch. XIV of Biographia Literaria During the first year that Mr. Wordsworth and I were neighbours, our conversations turned frequently on the two cardinal points of poetry, the power of exciting the sympathy of the reader by a faithful adherence to the truth of nature, and the power of giving the interest of novelty by the modifying colours of imagination. The sudden charm, which accidents of light and shade, which moon-light or sun-set diffused over a known and familiar landscape, appeared to represent the practicability of combining both. These are the poetry of nature. The thought suggested itself (to which of us I do not recollect) that a series of poems might be composed of two sorts. In the one, the incidents and agents were to be, in part at least, supernatural; and the excellence aimed at was to consist in the interesting of the affections by the dramatic truth of such emotions as would naturally accompany such situations, supposing them real. And real in this sense they have been to every human being who, from whatever source of delusion, has at any time believed himself under supernatural agency. For the second class, subjects were to be chosen from ordinary life; the characters and incidents were to be such, as will be found in every village and its vicinity, where there is a meditative and feeling mind to seek after them, or to notice them, when they present themselves. In this idea originated the plan of the ‘Lyrical Ballads’; in which it was agreed, that my endeavours should be directed to per sons and characters supernatural, or at least romantic, yet so as to transfer from our inward nature a human interest and a semblance of truth sufficient to procure for hese shadows of imagination that willing suspension of disbelief for the moment, which constitutes poetic faith. Mr. Wordsworth on the other hand was to propose to himself as his object, to give the charm of novelty to things of every day, and to excite a feeling analogous to the supernatural, by awakening the mind’s attention from the lethargy of custom, and directing it to the loveliness and the wonders of the world before us; an inexhaustible treasure, but for which in consequence of the film of familiarity and selfish solicitude we have eyes, yet see not, ears that hear not, and hearts that neither feel nor understand. Wordsworth’s Advertisment to Lyrical Ballads 1798 The majority of the following poems are to be considered as experiments. They were written chiefly with a view to ascertain how far the language of conversation in the middle and lower classes of society is adapted to the purposes of poetic pleasure. Wordsworth, Preface to Lyrical Ballads 1800, 1802 The principal object, then, proposed in these Poems was to choose incidents and situations from common life, and to relate or describe them, throughout, as far as was possible in a selection of language really used by men, and, at the same time, to throw over them a certain colouring of imagination, whereby ordinary things should be presented to the mind in an unusual aspect; and, further, and above all, to make these incidents and situations interesting by tracing in them, truly though not ostentatiously, the primary laws of our nature: chiefly, as far as regards the manner in which we associate ideas in a state of excitement. Humble and rustic life was generally chosen, because, in that condition, the essential passions of the heart find a better soil in which they can attain their maturity, are less under restraint, and speak a plainer and more emphatic language;[†¦. ] and, lastly, because in that condition the passions of men are incorporated with the beautiful and permanent forms of nature. The language, too, of these men has been adopted (purified indeed from what appear to be its real defects, from all lasting and rational causes of dislike or disgust) because such men hourly communicate with the best objects from which the best part of language is originally derived; and because, from their rank in society and the sameness and narrow circle of their intercourse, being less under the influence of social vanity, they convey their feelings and notions in simple and unelaborated expressions. You read "English Romanticism" in category "Essay examples" †¦ For all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: and though this be true, Poems to which any value can be attached were never produced on any variety of subjects but by a man who, being possessed of more than usual organic sensibility, had also thought long and deeply. †¦ I have said that Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquillity: the emotion is contemplated till by a species of reaction the tranquillity gradually disappears, and an emotion, kindred to that which was before the subject of contemplation, is gradually produced, and does itself actually exist in the mind. In this mood successful composition generally begins, and in a mood similar to this it is carried on; but the emotion, of whatever kind and in whatever degree, from various causes is qualified by various pleasures, so that in describing any passions whatsoever, which are voluntarily described, the mind will upon the whole be in a state of enjoyment. What is a Poet? To whom does he address himself? And what language is to be expected from him? He is a man speaking to men: a man, it is true, endued with more lively sensibility, more enthusiasm and tenderness, who has a greater knowledge of human nature, and a more comprehensive soul, than are supposed to be common among mankind; a man pleased with his own passions and volitions, and who rejoices more than other men in the spirit of life that is in him; delighting to contemplate similar volitions and passions as manifested in the goings-on of the Universe, and habitually impelled to create them where he does not find them. The Man of science seeks truth as a remote and unknown benefactor; he cherishes and loves it in his solitude: the Poet, singing a song in which all human beings join with him, rejoices in the presence of truth as our visible friend and hourly companion. Poetry is the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge; it is the impassioned expression which is in the countenance of all Science. Emphatically may it be said of the Poet, as Shakespeare hath said of man, ‘that he looks before and after. ‘ He is the rock of defence for human nature; an upholder and preserver, carrying everywhere with him relationship and love. In spite of difference of soil and climate, of language and manners, of laws and customs: in spite of things silently gone out of mind, and things violently destroyed; the Poet binds together by passion and knowledge the vast empire of human society, as it is spread over the whole earth, and over all time. †¦. I should mention one other circumstance which distinguishes these Poems from the popular Poetry of the day; it is this, that the feeling therein developed gives importance to the action and situation, and not the action and situation to the feeling. WE ARE SEVEN’ ——–A SIMPLE Child, That lightly draws its breath, And feels its life in every limb, What should it know of death? I met a little cottage Girl: She was eight years old, she said; Her hair was thick with many a curl That clustered round her head. She had a rustic, woodland air, And she was wildly clad: Her eyes were fair, and very fair; –Her beauty made me glad. â€Å"Sisters and brothers, little Maid, How many may you be? † â€Å"How many? Seven in all,† she said And wondering looked at me. â€Å"And where are they? I pray you tell. She answered, â€Å"Seven are we; And two of us at Conway dwell, And two are gone to sea. â€Å"Two of us in the church-yard lie, My sister and my brother; And, in the church-yard cottage, I Dwell near them with my mother. † â€Å"You say that two at Conway dwell, And two are gone to sea, Yet ye are seven! –I pray you tell, Sweet Maid, how this may be. † Then did the little Maid reply, â€Å"Seven boys and girls are we; Two of us in the church-yard lie, Beneath the church-yard tree. † â€Å"You run about, my little Maid, Your limbs they are alive; If two are in the church-yard laid, Then ye are only five. † â€Å"Their graves are green, they may be seen,† The little Maid replied, â€Å"Twelve steps or more from my mother’s door, And they are side by side. â€Å"My stockings there I often knit, My kerchief there I hem; And there upon the ground I sit, And sing a song to them. â€Å"And often after sunset, Sir, When it is light and fair, I take my little porringer, And eat my supper there. â€Å"The first that died was sister Jane; In bed she moaning lay, Till God released her of her pain; And then she went away. So in the church-yard she was laid; And, when the grass was dry, Together round her grave we played, My brother John and I. â€Å"And when the ground was white with snow, And I could run and slide, My brother John was forced to go, And he lies by her side. † â€Å"How many are you, then,† said I, â€Å"If they two are in heaven? „ Quick was the little Maid’s reply, â⠂¬Å"O Master! we are seven. † â€Å"But they are dead; those two are dead! Their spirits are in heaven! „ ‘Twas throwing words away; for still The little Maid would have her will, And said, â€Å"Nay, we are seven! The Prelude 1799, 1805, 1850 Plan to write a greate philosophical poem The Recluse or views of Nature, Man, and Society, encouraged by S. T. C. ‘a poem to Coleridge’ ‘a poem on the growth of [the poet’s] mind’ The main hero THE IMAGINATION †¦ Not Chaos, not The Darkest pit of lowest Erebus, Not aught of blinder vacancy, scooped out By help of dreams – can breed such fear and awe As fall upon us often when we look Into our Minds, into the Mind of Man– My haunt, and the main region of my song Prospectus to The Recluse ll. 35-4 How to cite English Romanticism, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

Discussion on the Canadian Prime Ministers-Samples for Students

Question: Write a Research Paper on the topic "Given the immense power of the Canadian Prime Minister, why do they not act like 5 year dictators? Answer: Introduction In order to understand the facts associated with the Canadian prime minister and why they do not act as the five years dictator, it is evident to understand the desired concept and the meaning of dictator. A dictator is effectively defined s the political leader who retains absolute power (Hayao 2014). The understanding of the concepts of the dictator will help in evaluating the role played by the prime ministers. Below mentioned is the thesis statement which will help in facilitating the immense utilization of power by the prime ministers but not acting as the five-year dictator. Several arguments and evidence are also provided in order to clarify the thesis statement made. It is a matter of fact that in present times, the meaning of a dictator reveals the desired personality of a person who resides huge power over the laws governed by the whole country. It can also be referred as to be the personal power and Canada is not a democratic country, therefore there are strong chances to have the use of dictatorship guidelines for ruling over the entire country. Thesis statement Though having immense power, the Canadian prime minister does not act like a five-year dictator. Main context The prime minister of Canada is considered to be the single most powerful person in the entire country (Chapnick 2014). In the modern age, the word dictator is mainly used in order to signify the leader who merely holds or abuses immense amount of the personal power in front of the common people. The position of the prime minister is mainly responsible for the exercising of the near-dictatorial powers over the concerned government, finance, law military and the economy having a combination of more than 40 years of power centralization (Bramstedt 2013). Moreover, the loopholes within the different acts constitute the Constitution of Canada as well as the passive electorates who merely lose the faith in the democratic institutions. The prime minister position is considered as the most important position in the Constitution of Canada. Technically the head of Government in Canada is the Prime Minister and the head of states are the British Monarch (Jarausch 2016). But in the recent times , the prime minister has power to make law, enforce that law, a creation of a national budget, declaring wars, appointing a judge, senator, etc. In all, it can be said that Canadian prime minister has 3100 different types of job which is a great responsibility for the Canadian Prime Minister. Arguments Canada is not a democratic country due to the power of Queen, Governor General as well as the Prime Minister of Canada. This country is leading a dictatorship but only with the name of it. Though Prime Minister have immense power as per the law of Canadian government then also in every five years they are dethroned by the election process (Carter 2015). Though the Prime Minister of Canada has an immense power they believe to serve people with the help of Queen and Governor General (Ticchi 2013). The government of Canada has a front bench of ministers who provide help to the prime minister. Prime Minister has immense power but the country is still known for Queen and it is named as her majesty so it can be said that with dignity and responsibility the PM does not use their immense power in the country (Dowding 2013). However, some of the leaders came who actually turned their five years tenure into a dictatorship. It is known that in Canada their strength is their diversity nature. Th ere are various types of people and from diverse religion in the country which is another reason for the PM not to use his immense power. Though prime minister is considered as the powerful figure of Canada then also they are answerable to the Parliament of the country. Canadian Parliament roles and responsibility are to control bills budget, laws as well as the activity of Prime Minister. In the year 1960 at the time when Pierre Trudeau became prime minister uses their immense power to control all the law and the Parliament of Canada (Monroe 2015). They have faced such a brutal time in Canada that in the present time they are not likely to have that type of dictatorship (Strangio 2013). Canada is the country of a dictator but the main reason for not using this in parliament is due to the dictatorship faced by Canada at the time of World War and after that also. In the recent time, they have to provide an answer for their every work to the parliament which is another main reason for not using the dictator power. Being the most powerful person in the country they are able to do anything like they have the power to diminish Queen also and make new laws for the country which will be beneficial for them and so on. But the leaders of Canada did not prefer to misuse their power as they are answerable to the Parliament and also they clearly understood the responsibilities that this position gave it to them. From the most of the Canadian prime minister, it can be seen that they all worked for the country for the benefit of Canada rather than thinking about their personal benefit. For example; Justin Trudeau in a meeting said that he feels sorry and have sympathy for the refugee of Syria and to help them he is willing to accept all the 25000 refugees of Syria (LeDuc 2014). He did many works which clearly describes that he does not act like the dictator though he has immense power to him. Others leaders of Canada including Harper did not use the dictatorship in a country as they all were working for t he country and this is the reason that Canada is economically strong country. It can be clearly seen from the political life of Trudeau that he really thinks for the benefit of the economic condition of Canada and for that he is willing to work harder for his country (Skard 2015). This all proves that he is not a dictator neither act like the dictator as they want to help their country and people to uplift their economic condition. Evidences Justin Trudeau the recent Prime Minister of Canada is known for his compassionate attitude on the crisis of refugee and he agreed to accept almost 25000 refugees of Syria (Klinck 2017). This is the biggest attitude or the evidence for Justin Trudeau for not being a dictator. Justin is the son of the famous dictator of Canada Trudeau and for that people, especially the conspirators and the opposition party consider him as the second dictator but he shows much work and activity which proves that he is not a dictator for Canada. As the tenure of Canada is for five years and after that the prime minister change and again elected by the voters (Kershaw 2015). He formed a gender balanced cabinet in Canada in the year 2015 which also proves that he does not act like a dictator (Gardbaum 2014). He is all set up to change the climate problem of Canada and he speaks at the UN climate summit to solve their problem. He is fighting for the justice of indigenous women those who were disappeared. A ll this provide information that the recent president of Canada does not act like the dictators. In this paper, it is clear that a dictator in the present time is one who thinks about their own benefit and makes law for their own. The other Prime Minister of Canada like Stephen Harper, Paul Martin, Jean Chretien, and Kim Campbell and so on all worked for the benefits of Canadian people along with the diverse people of Canada. Kim Campbell is the first women prime minister and also the first women government body who actually introduced the International Baccalaureates program in the schools (Malcolmson 2016). Harper after being the prime minister of Canada focuses on the decrease of taxes and also enlarging their army and military forces which are the reason for the country to fight with their financial crisis (Cooper 2014). All the leaders of Canada actually worked only for their country as they are the only person who is eligible for the benefit of the country. Analysis Prime Minister of Canada did not use their immense power for their own use or for the negative use of the law. The recent Prime Minister of Canada, Justin Trudeau is one of the best prime ministers that Canada can have. But due to some of the reason he is still considered as the dictator for Canada which is not correct. He is the only one who is willing to accept 25000 refugees of Syria and also he had meetings with Obama to enhance future leaders for their countries. This is the main reason which proves that this prime minister of Canada is not a dictator. It is clearly stated in this paper that a dictator is a person who uses their power to implement a law which suits them and also they work for their own goods. All this cannot be seen in the recent Prime Minister and also not in the previous prime minister of Canada. In the recent time, it has been seen that the prime minister wants to work for their country and not for them. In Canadian constitution, a prime minister has to do al most 3100 different types of job and they have to follow all the responsibilities, therefore it can be stated that a person when becoming a prime minister they want to uplift the economy as well as the condition of the country. The Prime Minister Justin Trudeau is consulting for their climate problem with the UN climate conference so that people are able to live freely in Canada. From the work done by Justin Trudeau, it is clear that he really works for his people for his country and this is the main reason that can be stated clearly which implies that the prime minister of Canada does not act like the dictators. All the evidence in the paper shows that the political leaders of Canada did never use their immense power for the bad purpose or for the benefit of their own. It can be understood from the present prime minister of Canada that everyone work for the benefit of Canada, they all tried to uplift the country so that people are able to get more benefit from the country. The evid ence of some of the leader's activity clearly proves their way of thinking and their attitude towards the dictatorship of the country. They all never supported the dictatorship and for that, they have never seen to use those powers for their personal use in the country Conclusion The paper effectively brings out the facts on the utilization of the immense power from the Canadian prime minister but not acting as the five-year dictator. There are several facts associated with the research paper that helps in evaluating the importance and reality of the thesis statement mentioned in the introduction section. It is an argument that though prime minister is considered as the powerful figure of Canada then also they are answerable to the Parliament of the country. Parliament looks after the activity of prime minister and for this; they are answerable to the Parliament. The evidence is many on the fact that Justin Trudeau agreed to accept almost 25000 refugees of Syria, other evidence like Kim Campbell introduces Baccalaureates program in the schools which are the clear evidence of the prime minister for not acting like the five-year dictators. It can be concluded that this leader of Canada worked for their country and for their people and not for their own so they did not act like five-year dictators. References Bramstedt, Ernest Kohn.Dictatorship and political police: the technique of control by fear. Routledge, 2013. Carter, Byrum E.Office of the Prime Minister. Princeton University Press, 2015. Chapnick, Adam.The middle power project: Canada and the founding of the United Nations. ubc Press, 2014. Cooper, Andrew F., and Bessma Momani. "The Harper government's messaging in the build-up to the Libyan Intervention: was Canada different than its NATO allies?."Canadian Foreign Policy Journal20, no. 2 (2014): 176-188. Cooper, Andrew F., and Bessma Momani. "The Harper government's messaging in the build-up to the Libyan Intervention: was Canada different than its NATO allies?."Canadian Foreign Policy Journal20, no. 2 (2014): 176-188. Dowding, Keith. "The prime ministerialisation of the British Prime Minister."Parliamentary Affairs66, no. 3 (2013): 617-635. Gardbaum, Stephen. "Separation of powers and the growth of judicial review in established democracies (or why has the model of legislative supremacy mostly been withdrawn from sale?)."The American Journal of Comparative Law62, no. 3 (2014): 613-640. Hayao, Kenji.The Japanese prime minister and public policy. University of Pittsburgh Pre, 2014. Jarausch, Konrad. "Introduction: Mass Dictatorship as Modernizing Project: Some Preliminary Reflections." InThe Palgrave Handbook of Mass Dictatorship, pp. 3-7. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. Kershaw, Ian.The Nazi dictatorship: Problems and perspectives of interpretation. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015. Klinck, Jennifer A. "Modernizing Judicial Review of the Exercise of Prerogative Powers in Canada."Alberta Law Review54, no. 4 (2017). LeDuc, Lawrence, and Jon H. Pammett. "Attitudes toward democratic norms and practices: Canada in comparative perspective."Canadian Democracy from the Ground Up: Perceptions and Performance(2014): 22. Malcolmson, Patrick, Richard Myers, Gerald Baier, and Tom Bateman.The Canadian regime: An introduction to parliamentary government in Canada. University of Toronto Press, 2016. Skard, Torild.Women of power: Half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide. Policy Press, 2015. Strangio, Paul, Paul'T. Hart, and James Walter, eds.Understanding prime-ministerial performance: Comparative perspectives. OUP Oxford, 2013. Ticchi, Davide, Thierry Verdier, and Andrea Vindigni. "Democracy, dictatorship and the cultural transmission of political values." (2013).

Friday, November 29, 2019

High Cost of Living Essay Example

High Cost of Living Essay Janira Sanchez Professor Bruno Microeconomics May 5, 2011 High Cost of Living A rise in prices, economists say, is a sigh of development and prosperity. But during the last two decades, prices of almost all the essential commodities have been increasing at an alarming rate. These soaring prices have caused great unrest and frustration among the people. All the more, the soaring prices have become a big threat and an open challenge to the government It has shaken the faith of the people in the government. There is no let-up in the situation. Life has become very hard. Also things of dairy use are sometimes not available in the market. The prices of petrol, cooking gas, kerosene oil and several other items of daily use are increasing every year. Also the railway fares, air fares and bus and taxi charges also increasing regularly. The rich make a display of their wealth while the poor find it difficult to make both their ends meet. Life has lost its charm for the average bread-winner. The indiscriminate rise in prices of essential commodities has left many a people tense and helpless. No one can foresee what is in store for the common people. There are many causes of the unprecedented rise in prices. Inflation, black marketing, hoarding, faulty credit system, over population, and improper system of distribution arc some of the major causes of hike in prices. The standard of living of the people has improved. People need more things than they needed earlier. This increasing demand leads to hike in prices. Sometimes, natural factors like flood and drought also contribute to rise in prices. Production of food is not in proportion with the increase in population.. We will write a custom essay sample on High Cost of Living specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on High Cost of Living specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on High Cost of Living specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer With the breaking of joint-family system, the cost of living has gone up. The purchasing power of the rupee is continuously calling. It is now being increasingly felt that large scale corruption by some political leaders in power and some senior officers in the government is also the cause of constant rise in prices. In the recent past, several scams have come to light that involve big amounts said to have been pocketed by the big-wigs of the country without any shame or remorse. Several cases are pending in the courts. It is, however, feared that influential and moneyed people have the ower to so circumvent the legal process in their favor that they go free. These huge amounts of black money produce a very bad effect on the economy of the country and lead to a rise in prices. It is the duty of the government to bring down the prices of the essential commodities at least. Price line is the life line of a nation. Black marketers, hoarders and profiteers must be brought to book. Family Planning programs should be stepped up to check over-population. More fair-price shops should be opened in different locations. There should be an equitable distribution through the fair-price shops. Shopkeepers should be directed to display the stock of essential commodities along with their prices. Those people who buy things in the black market should be punished. Production of food should be increased. Sincere efforts should be made to stabilize prices of essential commodities. Corruption, bribery, smuggling and illegal gratification deep-rooted in the society must be rooted out to control rising prices. References   www. fao. org/newsroom/en/news/2008/1000845/index. html

Monday, November 25, 2019

Research report on California Vehicle code 10851 essays

Research report on California Vehicle code 10851 essays The topic I chose for research and to become further knowledgeable on is the crime known as grand theft auto or the California State Code 10851. Furthermore, Ill be explaining issues such as the statute as it reads verbatim, legislative intent, cases dealing with the code, the social impact the law has had on society, and my personal opinion of the statute. Moving along, I define the California State Code of grand theft auto as it reads exactly in the state law. It says: 10851. Unlawful driving or taking of vehicle without consent of owner (a) Any person who drives or takes a vehicle not his or her own, without the consent of the owner thereof, and with intent either to permanently or temporarily deprive the owner thereof of his or her title to or possession of the vehicle, whether with or without intent to steal the vehicle, or any person who is a party or an accessory to or an accomplice in the driving or unauthorized taking or stealing, is guilty of a public offense and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than one year or in the state prison or by a fine of not more than five thousand dollars ($ 5,000), or by both the fine and imprisonment. (b) If the vehicle is (1) an ambulance, as defined in subdivision (a) of Section 165, (2) a distinctively marked vehicle of a law enforcement agency or fire department, taken while the ambulance or vehicle is on an emergency call and this fact is known to the person driving or taking, or any person who is party or an accessory to or an accomplice in the driving or unauthorized taking or stealing, or (3) a vehicle which has been modified for the use of a disabled veteran or any other disabled person and which displays a distinguishing license plate or placard issued pursuant to Section 22511.5 or 22511.9 and this fact is known or should reasonably have been known to the person driving or taking, or any person...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Hershy chocolate bar Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Hershy chocolate bar - Research Paper Example ire of humans to find something sweet to consume dates back to primitive times.Chocolate traces its history to the ancient Romans, Egyptians, Greeks and the Chinese. However, during that period, it was considered a luxurious treat that only few could afford. It evolved from ancient forms to the modern industry centered in Europe. It evolved because of the increased availability of sugar. The increased availability transformed it from an ancient delight into a main modern confectionery industry. The modern industry produces a relatively cheaper food that many people enjoy. This paper will, therefore, analyze the strengths and weaknesses, marketing strategies, consumer behaviors, as well as, the branding strategies that may be associated with Hershey Foods Corporation. The first confectioners in United States were the Dutch bakers of New Amsterdam which were later named New York. There were about 1000 manufacturers in the US at the beginning of the twentieth century. They offered employment to about 27000 workers through which they managed to register total sales of about $60million annually. Until the 1900s, the common equipments that would be used in these enterprises were mainly of kettles, shallow trays, hand cutters, starch boards and hand printers. Compared to the current equipment most of these equipment could be termed inefficient. Efficiency increased with the introduction of European candy manufacturing inventions. They enabled production of candy in large quantities at a more pocket friendly price (Schiffman et al, 2006). This greatly improved sanitary conditions in the manufacturing industries, especially, to the candy manufactures. Besides, the increase in production played a significant role in meet the growing demand for chocolate. The First and the Second World War also contributed to the mass production of candy considering candy was consumed by the armies in the war fields. In addition, the many improvements in the candy industry making led to it

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

A persuasive letter in which you call for the banning of The Anarchist Essay

A persuasive letter in which you call for the banning of The Anarchist Cookbook by William Powell - Essay Example As a writer, I want to bring to your attention the possible negative effects of â€Å"The Anarchist’s Cookbook† by William Powell on the minds of young people, being the strong arm of the nation. This is a call from a young person for the banning of the book because of its contents which are extremely disturbing. It is true that Ezperanza Godot, in her review of the book, claims that the information contained therein is misguided for several reasons which she enumerated. However, one cannot stop making his mind work and experiment on the things that have been written there. Obviously, the aforementioned reviewer made some experiments and did her own research about the contents of the book only to her dismay. Thankfully, she was not able to see how she could be dangerous with the use of the book. Nevertheless, not all readers are just like her. There are those who could read and see beyond the written words and they could become extremely dangerous. I personally believe that the author did not simply make up the information in his book rather, have craftily written his work and made it like a puzzle that his readers need to work in-depth on the cookbook in order to make the desired outcome. Godot may not have seen the solution to the puzzle so that she is enraged that the book seems to be misguiding readers and that she was not able to have what she expected. Still, there is the potential danger that a brilliant reader would crack the puzzle and really bring to accomplishment the objectives of the author in writing the book. Speaking of the author, I believe that his personal testimony should be seriously considered. The auhtor knows just how he was feeling when he wrote the book and he confesses that being a 19-year-old who went to Vietnam to support the war he did not agree with, he was mad when he wrote the book. Naive and uninformed, he published the book without any professional advice so that the book was published verbatim and copyrighted by the publisher instead of the author (bing.com). Such circumstance should be considered now that the author desires the publication of the book to be stopped. Nevertheless, being the writer who should be able to act upon his wishes, he is unable to stop the dangers his book might bring upon the world simply because of some copyright issues. I strongly grieve with Mr. Powell for this issue because at the time of his illumination regarding the beliefs he has written in his book, he powerless to put a stop to its possible negative effects in the modern world. Moreover, I believe that the short review by Ozark PressLlc was written with very good reasons. The review says that the book â€Å"will shock, it will disturb and it will provoke†. Obviously the book contains information that will not only add to a reader’s knowledge but can also be used as it has been intended. The â€Å"menu† for drugs and ammunitions are extremely dangerous. Consider a young reader who is looking for an adventurous life, who tries on some drug that has been mentioned in the cookbook. One reader who is going toward self-destruction may be insignificant in a world filled with billions of people. Nevertheless, that one reader is significant to a mother, a father or a sibling. That one reader might be

Monday, November 18, 2019

The Therac-25 and Its Accident Investigation Case Study

The Therac-25 and Its Accident Investigation - Case Study Example The Therac-25 falls into a class of machines referred to as Medical linear accelerators (linacs). They use the principal of accelerating electrons so as to create high energy beams that can be used to destroy any cancerous cells without affecting the other surrounding non- cancerous tissues. For shallow tissues, accelerated electrons were enough to treat them but for the deeper ones, the electrons beams have to be converted into X-ray photons. Defects that lead to the accidents The machine consisted of hardware and software that helped the machine run. The software also monitored the functionality status of the machine and turning on the beam. It was also responsible for turning off the beam and detecting any malfunctions. The software was responsible for running most of the machine functions in conjunction with the hardware. This therefore means that any small bug in the software will lead to malfunctioning of the machine. The software for running the Therac-25 was not extensively t ested before it was deployed for use. This was due failure to follow proper system development and implementation practices. Also the programmer didn’t provide enough documentation about the machine and software errors that could guide operators on when there is malfunction and what to do. The operators therefore were in the dark most of the time despite the machine displaying various error messages as they thought was normal. The hardware that was used to measure the dosage always provided a wrong dosage reading when it as overloaded. Instead of providing a high reading instead it displayed a low reading when it was actually so high. Another defect was how the machine was made to be operated. The machine was made that the operator and the patient were to be in separate rooms to minimize effect of radiation to the operator. Therefore in case there was any overdose and the patient complaining, the operator could not hear it. Also the operator could not ascertain whether the pa tient was in the right position every time. This was risky and costly assumptions that lead to the occurrence of the accidents. Therefore, software errors and design defects were major causes of the accidents. Collective responsibility The accidents happened over a 19-month long period and most certainly someone had to be responsible for allowing such life threatening accidents to occur for that period without doing anything. Many parties were responsible including the manufacturer, the operators and technicians and the federal government. As all the accidents happened from the first to the sixth one, the manufacturer seemed not to care. Only lame excuses were given. For example after the second accident, the manufacturer claimed it was an electrical failure even when an independent electrical firm had ruled out any possibility of the cause of the accident being an electrical fault. It was only after the sixth accident that there seemed to be any action form the manufacturer. The qu estion one would ask is why did the manufacture remain quiet for that long and let the machines to be in use when they were actually causing accidents. The federal government also had their share of the blame by allowing the AECL Company to continue with its operations despite its machines causing those fatal accidents. It was clear that the manufacturer was not following proper system development and implementation methods but yet was allowed to operate. Operators and techn

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Big Five Personality And Adolescents Daily Development Psychology Essay

Big Five Personality And Adolescents Daily Development Psychology Essay According to J. Belskys (1984) process model of parenting, both adolescents and parents personality should exert a significant impact on the quality of their mutual relationship. Using multi-informant, symmetric data on the Big Five personality traits and the relationship quality of mothers, fathers, and two adolescent children, the current study set out to test this prediction. Adolescents agreeableness and parents extraversion emerged as predictors of relationship warmth, whereas parents openness emerged as a predictor of low restrictive control. In addition, some gender-specific effects emerged. Overall, parents and adolescents traits equally predicted the amount of relationship warmth, whereas adolescents unique personality more strongly predicted the amount of restrictive control. The predictive power of adolescents personality increased with age. Personality characteristics that affected relationship quality were partly shared between parents and their adolescent children. Find ings support Belskys (1984) notion that both parents and childrens personality predict the quality of their mutual relationship, though the relative predictive power of children and parents depends on the type of outcome variable and the age of the children. (Denissen, J. J. A., van Aken, M. A. G. Dubas, J. S. (2009). Introduction According to Schults Schults (2009), there are 5 factors contained in McCrae and Costas big five personality factors. They are Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. In short, it can be called OCEAN. Each alphabet represents one factor. According to McCrae and Costas theory, a neurotic may show that one is worried, insecure, and nervous. As for extraverts, they may portray that they are sociable, able to mix-around, and talkative. For those who are open to experience, they are creative and daring in pursuing anything that interests them. A person that is agreeable, he or she is basically good-natured, easy-going towards others and softhearted. Lastly, people with conscientiousness portray that they are careful, both reliable and hardworking. Aim of Research paper The aim of this paper is to know the big five personality development or five factor models that affects adolescence. Besides that, by using the OCEAN theory, in what way can we understand adolescence? Therefore, we will be studying the big five theory that affects the relationships between adolescence and their parents, exploring how maturity in them (adolescence) affect themselves and the surrounding, and the link between empathy and big 5 links with adolescence. Because of parents are involved in one of the study, we will be exploring a little on big five development have on adults. However, it is important to note that the main focus will be on adolescence. Empathy and big 5 personality in adolescence Empathy is associated as tools for controlling aggression in adolescence. In todays personality research, the five factor model is considered to be dominant, with lots of it being applied. According to the findings obtained, empathy and friendliness has large correlation. In other words, it refers to male and female, boys and girls. There is also positive correlation with conscientiousness, energy, and openness to experience has also been observed. There are about 832 children aged between 12-17 years old participated in the study. It was composed of 408 boys and 424 girls. Questionnaires were distributed in the classroom and administered by a certified psychologist. As for the measurements, The Spanish version of Bryants empathy Index for children and adolescents and Big Five Questionnaire were given to them. (Barrio, V. D., Anton, A. Garcia L. F. 2004) Empathy is strongly linked to Friendliness for boys and girls. So an important component of the individual differences in the quality of interpersonal behavior during adolescence is the ability to respond appropriately to others emotions. But also. Empathy could play a minor role in the need for social encounters, the control of ones own impulses, and intellectual curiosity. In general, these results reflect the importance of the empathy construct in explaining the self-reported differences in the Friendliness trait during adolescence. (Barrio, V. D., Anton, A. Garcia L. F. 2004) Big Five Personality in Adolescence Generally, cross-sectional studies revealed that adolescents are higher in Extraversion and Emotional Stability and lower in Agreeableness and Conscientiousness than adults (Costa McCrae, 1994; McCrae et al., 2000). Between the age of 12 and 18, cross-sectional studies revealed that mean levels of Emotional Stability decrease for girls only (McCrae et al., 2002). Mean levels of Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness do not change (McCrae et al., 2002), although Agreeableness and Conscientiousness have also been found to decrease (Allik, Laidra, Realo, Pullmann, 2004). Openness was found to increase both cross-sectionally and longitudinally (Allik et al., 2004; McCrae et al., 2002). The consistently found increase in Openness may indicate that adolescents are increasingly appreciating intellectual and creative expressions, or may be related to identity development and exploration of different roles and possibilities. (Branje, S. J. T., Van Lieshout, C. F. M. Gerris, J. R. M. 2006). Across adolescence, girls were found to change more often than boys. The expected increase in Openness was found for girls self-reported Openness only. Girls also increased in self- and other-reported Conscientiousness and other-reported Agreeableness and Extraversion. In contrast, only three mean changes were found for boys: Other reported Openness and both self- and other-reported Extraversion decreased for boys. During early adolescence, girls undergo a faster acceleration in cerebral cortical development than boys and remain in advance of boys until 14-15 years(AndrichStyles, 1994; Colom Lynn, 2004). As a result, during early adolescence girls are generally about 2 years ahead of boys in intellectual and social-cognitive functioning (Silberman Snarey, 1993; Porteous, 1985). These differences might account for earlier development in personality of girls compared to boys, who may catch up with girls from 16 years onwards. The changes in personality may also be related to changes in social expectations regarding education and work or domestic chores. Because girls pubertal development occurs earlier than boys (Paikoff Brooks-Gunn, 1991), they may look more mature and elicit greater expectations from others in these areas than boys.( Branje, S. J. T., Van Lieshout, C. F. M. Gerris, J. R. M. 2006). Unexpectedly, we did not find change in Emotional Stability for girls, which might be due to the age range studied: Perhaps Emotional Stability is starting to change in late adolescence only. Also in contrast with our expectations, mean development in Extraversion was found during adolescence. Both self-reported and other-reported Extraversion decreased for boys. Whereas girls self-reported Extraversion showed an increase followed by a decrease, girls other-reported Extraversion increased over time. Further research should try to replicate and offer an explanation for this finding. (Branje, S. J. T., Van Lieshout, C. F. M. Gerris, J. R. M. 2006). Relationships between Parents and Children ( PCR) Parents extraversion was found to be positively associated with PCR warmth. This is consistent with previous research (Belsky Barends, 2002; Metsapelto Pulkkinen, 2003) and with notions of this trait as tapping into individual differences in positive emotionality. In addition, parental openness was negatively associated with restrictive control. It replicates a finding by Metsapelto and Pulkkinen (2003) and is consistent with scattered evidence indicating a positive association between this trait and PCR quality (Belsky Barends, 2002). This may reflect the fact that low openness is associated with authoritarian family attitudes calling for a hierarchical structure in which parents command and children obey (McCrae, 1996b, p. 329). With regard to the predictive power of adolescents personality traits, we hypothesized that agreeableness and conscientiousness would be associated with higher PCR quality. In line with our prediction based on the notion that agreeableness is involved in individual differences in the tendency to respond cooperatively (vs. selfishly) in resource conflicts, adolescents agreeableness emerged as a strong predictor of PCR warmth. Similar associations were also reported by OConnor and Dvorak (2001), Zhong-Hui et al. (2006), and (on the basis of the current data set) Branje et al. (2004, 2005). Adolescents conscientiousness, on the other hand, was only marginally significantly related to lower levels of restrictive control, which only partially supports our hypothesis based on the notion that this trait is involved in individual differences in self-regulation (Caspi, 1998). It should be noted, however, that the strength of the association between this personality factor and PCR quality increased with age (see below), supporting the idea that older children, who are increasingly able to regulate their own behavior, face less restrictive control by their parents. Conclusion In conclusion, big five personality affects adolescents daily development and it will portray on the way they behave daily. For boys, extraversion and openness decreased during their age. Therefore, they may not be so keen to explore something that is new and excited. Whereas for girls, their characteristic of extraversion, agreeableness, openness and conscientiousness increased. This would mean that they may want or crave for excitements and could probably get along well with others. As for Parents-child relationship, parents extraversion approach will cause a warmth PCR. Those ( parents) who have a low openness to experience approach/ attitude is more likely to practice authoritarian rules where parents order and children follow. This will definitely damage the relationship between them. Adolescennts will have higher score on agreeableness as they age due to their maturity and ability to behave and also their willingness to find a solution to any conflict that occurred in PCR.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Meditation Essay -- essays research papers

Meditation is a private devotion or mental exercise consisting of a number of techniques of concentration, contemplation, and abstraction to heighten spiritual awareness. It has also been defined as, â€Å"Consciously directing your attention to alter your state of consciousness.† Meditation has been practiced around the world since the ancient times. It was used back then and still used today for spiritual growth (becoming more conscious). Meditation is mostly concerned about your attention, where it is directed to, and how it alters or changes a person’s consciousness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although meditation has been used for spiritual growth, recently it has become a way of finding a peaceful bridge between stress and the fast paced world around us. It has become a way of taking time out of all the distractions and stress that occurs in our lives and relaxing and finding ourselves. Some other uses of meditation include healing, emotional cleansing and balancing, deepening concentration and insight, manifesting change, developing intuition, unlocking creativity, exploring higher realities, and finding inner guidance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is no exact way to meditate. Different people meditate in different ways. However, there are many similar guidelines or ways that people go about meditating. First, put your expectations aside. Don’t expect to all of a sudden have your consciousness altered. Be open to meditation but don’t try to force something to hap...

Monday, November 11, 2019

Spreading Awareness about STD among Youth

Lack of Knowledge about STDS among youth Becoming sexually active at a young age tends to increase a person's number of overall partners and as a result, her or his risk of STDS. Biologically, young girls are more susceptible to infection. Although the system cannot control teens or preteen's actions, but they can help them understand the risks of sexual activity and that's 0K to wait to have sex.A research done by Katherine Harmon on Jan 2013 shows 321,000 cases of gonorrhea only are reported each year in the U. S. Another research shows approximately 60 percent of new HIV infections in united states occurs among oung people under age 25 and most of these infections are transmitted sexually. By all the efforts and new programs that government is trying to put into educational system, when we see these reports and numbers we all agree in one matter: these are not enough.And I believe if government instead of mostly concentrating on medical treatments pays more attention to youth heal th education and STDS prevention training classes, life of hundreds of people can be saved every day. The reason I chose this topic is because I'm originally Middle Eastern or in another world from a third world country. Four years ago, when I was living in my country, there was not much attention to STDS among the people and there was never any program in our society or schools to educate families and youth about STDS.Since I was always curios, I was doing research from different sources about them to be able to improve my personal knowledge about them and hopefully be able to help some people. When I came to United States, I was expecting the majority of people are well educated about these kinds of matters but unfortunately when I read different researches about increasing number of STDS infections among the youth, it Just hange my whole expectation from educational system of one of the most advanced countries.By all that being said, I hope to see a day that nobody in any country would be infected of STDS due to lack of information and knowledge. Resources: nature. com (the name of article is â€Å"common STD grows resistant to treatment in North America. Mayoclinic. com (the name of article is â€Å"sexually transmitted diseases. Hawaii. edu (effective HIV/STD and teen pregnancy prevention programs for young women of color ) Spreading Awareness about STD among Youth By arashghahremani

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Role of the Fool in King Lear Essays

Role of the Fool in King Lear Essays Role of the Fool in King Lear Essay Role of the Fool in King Lear Essay Essay Topic: King Lear Wisdom and insight gives the ability to make common sense and to discern or judge what is true, right or lasting. Man is not logical and his intellectual capability is not complete without being compromised with wisdom and insight. In the play King Lear, William Shakespeare shows the journey of the once king of England as he falls from grace to despair.In his and insecure state King Lear steps out of his role by giving up all his power, reaches the peak of madness and loses his life just as he comes to understand it. The journey of King Lear of attaining wisdom and insight is necessary as he learns from the hardships of taking foolish actions in the beginning, progresses by realizing his mistakes and blindness, and gains wisdom and insight towards the end.In the beginning of King Lear, Lear steps out of his role and takes foolish actions and loses all influence by falling for the insincerity that surrounds him. King Lear begins the play by making the single, most foolish mistake of d ividing his kingdom and giving power to the wrong hands. The kings unwise decision of division based on the daughter who professes the most love for him causes the downfall of the play and starts his slippery slope towards madness. His actions are understood by all except himself as he asks the question, Who is it that can tell me who I am? (I, IV, 226) and is given the reply, Lears shadow. (I, IV, 227).Furthermore, Lear is blind to his two older daughters hypocritical pledges of love and is foolish enough to trust them with his livelihood. He values appearances over reality and cannot see the greed and motives of those who are supposedly closest to him. Regan and Goneril are both able to deceive him easily, as Lear hears only what he wants. Moreover, King Lear is quick to judgment of banishing not only his youngest and most beloved daughter, Cordelia, but also one of his most loyal servants, Kent. He cannot comprehend the sincerity of Cordelias echoed words of saying Nothing (I, I, 94) and then moves to strip her of his love and titles. Lears overreaction and foolish actions plainly show his getting old before becoming wise.As the plot of the play progresses, the fool acts as indirect guide to Lear who enables him to understand his situation as he learns of his blindness and madness and the forces working against him. Goneril and Regan surpass Lears threshold for sanity and he is thrown out into the elements and left to find himself. The fools first entrance shows the essence of his existence in the play. Lears descent toward madness is shown explicitly when he cries, O fool, I shall go mad! The fool indirectly leads the king acting as inner-conscience of the king. He draws the king towards and an example of this is when the fool exclaims to the king, Prithee, nuncleswim in.(III, IV, 113-114).The fool reveals truth and honesty to all. The fool shows the king the mistakes he makes as he expresses his thoughts about the decision the king made in the beginning, I have own breeches. (I, IV, 169-171). The king is blind to all this until the fool reveals it to him. The fool tells the king that he would be a good fool but if he was his fool he would have thee beaten for being old before they time. (I, V, 41). Through the guide of the fool acting as his inner conscience and revealing truth the king understand and realizes his own blindness.After being inspired by the fool, Lear realizes his new found insight, his ability to see beyond appearances, and understand his mistakes. In the end, Lear is finally able to notice how others have treated him. Through the mock trial he sorts out all the evil and comprehends all that happened during the play. It is after the trial that the fool leaves the play as his job is over and the king can see clearly for himself. Lear expresses his understanding when he says, they flattered me like a dog(III, VI, 112-116). He realizes his mistakes and regrets them.When Cordelia shows up he say, I pray weep notthey have not.(IV, VII, 81-85). In addition, he begins to see clearly of his surroundings. His ability to see is also evident towards the end when he finally recognizes Kent. In the end Lear gains wisdom and insight, however, dies out of a broken heart.King Lears journey can be traced through his absence of wisdom and insight which is replaced with the vital role of the fool who allows the king to come back to sanity with a clear insight of his surroundings. Through the play, King Lear, Shakespeare shows the necessity of the journey for gaining insight and wisdom. He portrays this in the role he gives to the fool of representing these two important qualities.Human beings tend to be misguided by their misinterpretations and lack of knowledge of their surroundings. It is not until they gain wisdom and insight that they begin to see through a broad and clear window. As is often done in reality, the life of King Lear is shaped by his own hands and his inability to make the wise decision at the b eginning of it.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

The so called war essays

The so called war essays Many ultra conservatives and republicans claim that George W. Bushs administration has been the best this country has seen in years. Since President Clinton and Bush Sr.s administrations did not properly interrogate Saddam Hussein, George W Bush felt it was his duty to dispose of the evil regime of Saddam Hussein. Despite the fact that I do not support the war with Iraq, I do feel the war is Bushs only real mistake. After all, he is the man that brought this country back together after September 11, 2001, which was an admirable accomplishment. Bushs actions against Iraq were unnecessary, and they have left our country in a worse position prior to the invasion of Iraq. One of the many arguments for the invasion of Iraqi was the United States ambition to control Iraqis petroleum resources. The United States extreme need for cheaper oil could have been one Bushs reasons for the Invasion. Since the invasion, however, gas prices have risen dramatically and continue to topple into the two-dollar range. Bushs crusade for cheaper oil has proven to fail, for the dramatic rise in gas prices has continually begun to burn a hole in the American publics wallets. One of the biggest mistakes of the George Bush Senior administration is believed to have been his non-aggression to rid Iraq of Saddam Hussein. George Seniors cause was to stop Husseins aggressive attack against Kuwait, so it was not in our countrys interest to attack Iraq and dispose of Hussein. Our current President is using the weapons of mass destruction cause, to promptly rid Iraq of Hussein and claim revenge for Husseins attempted assassination of his father. This is not a reason to send our country into war, this is a personal expedenture that is costing many American lives. Bushs main reason for the war was that Hussein had been holding weapons of mass destruction, which could have in ...

Monday, November 4, 2019

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Psychology - Essay Example In his book ‘The Interpretation of Dreams’, Sigmund Freud argued that the foundation of all dream content is the fulfillment of wishes, conscious or not. The theory explains that the schism between ego and id leads to "censorship" of dreams. The unconscious would "like" to depict the wish fulfilled wholesale, but the preconscious cannot allow it — the wish (or wishes) within a dream is thus disguised, and, as Freud argues, only an understanding of the structure of the dream-work can explain the dream. In every dream in which he attempts to do so, he is able to establish a multitude of wishes on a variety of levels — conscious wishes for the immediate future. (Freud, 59) According to Freud, our dreams are important and meaningful in understanding the causes of our problems, hidden issues, and painful issues we cant face during wakefulness. Freud identified two types of content in our dreams; latent content and manifest content. Manifest content is all the parts of the dream that we remember (the actual content). Its not the stuff we associate with our dreams, but the actual story lines of the dreams. This is regarded as Manifest Content. On the contrary, dreams have two types of content, each of which contains different meanings to the dreams. One of these type of content is latent content, which is the underlying, more hidden, but true meaning of a dream (as opposed to the manifest content). Freud believed that the latent content was somehow censored by the subconscious which was a way to protect us from the real meanings of the dreams. This was necessary because the dream content may be difficult for people to deal with, so people disguise the rea l meaning. However, Freud believed that when people were in conflict, if he could uncover or get to the latent content, then he could identify the persons problem and resolve their conflict. This is regarded as Latent Content. Similarly, the sexual motivator is that part of the

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Paradigm of black politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paradigm of black politics - Essay Example Thus, instead of identifying the simple reasons why Blacks are unable to achieve political goals through legitimate means, the Black feminists introduced a new way of thinking not only in terms of race but also in terms of class and gender, which, according to these authors, are inseparable. As a result, it seems that the best paradigm for understanding Black culture within the United States also applies quite well to the study of Black political advancement since the struggles of the 1960s, and reflects the struggle African-American people now face. The black feminist perspective is an integrated approach that focuses not specifically on gender, or on race, or on class, but on these factors as mutually reinforcing aspects of one problem. This problem is the lack of progress in having Black representatives in government. One key aspect, or insight, from the Black feminist movement coming out the 1970s was that Black Nationalism and institutional racism (from whites) were part of the same gendered problem, both with misogynistic and masculine characteristics (Burns). Taking efforts to expose and correct this problem, the Black feminists offered a paradigm and a perspective for understanding Black politics at the time and throughout the transitory period. This perspective, which moves beyond the monolithic â€Å"Black† used in the rhetoric of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X, allowed students of politics to mark gender distinctions when it comes to significant issues, like the specific social welfare policies for A frican-American women and the drug laws that disproportionately target African-American men (Collins). Patricia Hill Collins, a Black feminist, is famous for using this perspective to analyze new ideas for black liberation. However, since the influential mainstream feminist movement of the 1970s and 1980s, the Black feminist paradigm might not be so useful for looking at the political situation. Changes in

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Reasons why illegal immigranst who are already living in this country Research Paper

Reasons why illegal immigranst who are already living in this country should be given citiznship - Research Paper Example Recently, debates on immigration have focused on the American South due to its border with Mexico where Latino immigrants get a passage into America. The political division has not helped to bridge the political opinions of opposition sides. In this assignment, I argue that despite the ongoing heated political debates, illegal immigration ought to be granted American citizenship. Historically, the American nation has been known to be a haven for immigrants to the extent that it is now a European descendant’s majority. Prior to the September 11, 2011 attacks on America by foreign nationals, there was little talk of racial profiling at airports. Entry to America became difficult for all immigrants with additional security checks instituted for fear of attacks, therefore, the ensuing debate on illegal immigration (Wise 26). Security is paramount for the stability of the American nation. Nevertheless, racial profiling is an infringement on the civil rights of human beings since it focuses on certain ethnic groups. The impact of European descended Americans in shaping America’s course cannot be disputed. However, the argument that America ought to be identified with regards to being â€Å"white† is flawed (Wise 32). America is a melting pot with people from diverse cultures, religion and ethnic backgrounds. The contribution of the multiplicity of people cannot be ignored. Granting of citizenship to illegal immigrants would be a humane act devoid of racial overtones. National security depends less on the number of illegal immigrants. This is because foreign nationals and terrorists do not have to be American residents to commit crimes. The rigorous security checks instituted mean that it is harder for foreign terrorists to gain citizenship. With proper checks in place, illegal immigrants are granted citizenship if there is reasonable belief that they pose

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Literature Cape Essay Example for Free

Literature Cape Essay Many critics attempt to show how the disguise relate to the different parts, and/or different characters of the play. This story explores a cariety of themes and issues, however disguise, deceit, celebration and festivity are the major, more prominent ones. Although the play is a â€Å"silly play† said by Samuel Pepys, who saw the play on three occasions, many critics feel the play’s use of language used to deceive and the failure of characters to communicate properly and effectively and truthfully, made it confusing. The Twelfth Night (January 6th) is actually the Epiphany. During the Epiphany noble households sponsored numerous performances of plays, masques, banquets and kinds of activities. This story opens up to a man, Curio dressing for the plans of that night. While dressing, he confesses how he feels towards a woman named Olivia. Olivia, a well-to-do woman, wants little Analysis of Major Characters Viola Like most of Shakespeare’s heroines, Viola is a tremendously likable figure. She has no serious faults, and we can easily discount the peculiarity of her decision to dress as a man, since it sets the entire plot in motion. She is the character whose love seems the purest. The other characters’ passions are fickle: Orsino jumps from Olivia to Viola, Olivia jumps from Viola to Sebastian, and Sir Toby and Maria’s marriage seems more a matter of whim than an expression of deep and abiding passion. Only Viola seems to be truly, passionately in love as opposed to being self-indulgently lovesick. As she says to Orsino, describing herself and her love for him: She pined in thought, And with a green and yellow melancholy She sat like patience on a monument, Smiling at grief. Was not this love indeed? (II. iv. 111–114) The audience, like Orsino, can only answer with an emphatic yes. Viola’s chief problem throughout the play is one of identity. Because of her disguise, she must be both herself and Cesario. This mounting identity crisis culminates in the final scene, when Viola finds herself surrounded by people who each have a different idea of who she is and are unaware of who she actually is. Were Twelfth Night not a comedy, this pressure might cause Viola to break down. Sebastian’s appearance at this point, however, effectively saves Viola by allowing her to be herself again. Sebastian, who independent of his sister is not much of a character, takes over the aspects f Viola’s disguise that she no longer wishes to maintain. Thus liberated by her brother, Viola is free to shed the roles that she has accumulated throughout the play, and she can return to being Viola, the woman who has loved and won Orsino. Orsino and Olivia Orsino and Olivia are worth discussing together, because they have similar personalities. Both claim to be buffeted by s trong emotions, but both ultimately seem to be self-indulgent individuals who enjoy melodrama and self-involvement more than anything. When we first meet them, Orsino is pining away for love of Olivia, while Olivia pines away for her dead brother. They show no interest in relating to the outside world, preferring to lock themselves up with their sorrows and mope around their homes. Viola’s arrival begins to break both characters out of their self-involved shells, but neither undergoes a clear-cut change. Orsino relates to Viola in a way that he never has to Olivia, diminishing his self-involvement and making him more likable. Yet he persists in his belief that he is in love with Olivia until the final scene, in spite of the fact that he never once speaks to her during the course of the play. Olivia, meanwhile, sets aside her grief when Viola (disguised as Cesario) comes to see her. But Olivia takes up her own fantasy of lovesickness, in which she pines away—with a self-indulgence that mirrors Orsino’s—for a man who is really a woman. Ultimately, Orsino and Olivia seem to be out of touch with real emotion, as demonstrated by the ease with which they shift their affections in the final scene—Orsino from Olivia to Viola, and Olivia from Cesario to Sebastian. The similarity between Orsino and Olivia does not diminish with the end of the play, since the audience realizes that by marrying Viola and Sebastian, respectively, Orsino and Olivia are essentially marrying female and male versions of the same person. Malvolio Malvolio initially seems to be a minor character, and his humiliation seems little more than an amusing subplot to the Viola-Olivia-Orsino- love triangle. But he becomes more interesting as the play progresses, and most critics have judged him one of the most complex and fascinating characters in Twelfth Night. When we first meet Malvolio, he seems to be a simple type—a puritan, a stiff and proper servant who likes nothing better than to spoil other people’s fun. It is this dour, fun-despising side that earns him the enmity of the zany, drunken Sir Toby and the clever Maria, who together engineer his downfall. But they do so by playing on a side of Malvolio that might have otherwise remained hidden—his self-regard and his remarkable ambitions, which extend to marrying Olivia and becoming, as he puts it, â€Å"Count Malvolio† (II. v. 30). When he finds the forged letter from Olivia (actually penned by Maria) that seems to offer hope to his ambitions, Malvolio undergoes his first transformation—from a stiff and wooden embodiment of priggish propriety into an personification of the power of selfdelusion. He is ridiculous in these scenes, as he capers around in the yellow stockings and crossed garters that he thinks will please Olivia, but he also becomes pitiable. He may deserve his come-uppance, but there is an uncomfortable universality to his experience. Malvolio’s misfortune is a cautionary tale of ambition overcoming good sense, and the audience winces at the way he adapts every event—including Olivia’s confused assumption that he must be mad—to fit his rosy picture of his glorious future as a nobleman. Earlier, he embodies stiff joylessness; now he is joyful, but in pursuit of a dream that everyone, except him, knows is false. Our pity for Malvolio only increases when the vindictive Maria and Toby confine him to a dark room in Act IV. As he desperately protests that he is not mad, Malvolio begins to seem more of a victim than a victimizer. It is as if the unfortunate steward, as the embodiment of order and sobriety, must be sacrificed so that the rest of the characters can indulge in the hearty spirit that suffuses Twelfth Night. As he is sacrificed, Malvolio begins to earn our respect. It is too much to call him a tragic figure, however—after all, he is only being asked to endure a single night in darkness, hardly a fate comparable to the sufferings of King Lear or Hamlet. But there is a kind of nobility, however limited, in the way that the deluded steward stubbornly clings to his sanity, even in the face of Feste’s insistence that he is mad. Malvolio remains true to himself, despite everything: he knows that he is sane, and he will not allow anything to destroy this knowledge. Malvolio (and the audience) must be content with this self-knowledge, because the play allows Malvolio no real recompense for his sufferings. At the close of the play, he is brought out of the darkness into a celebration in which he has no part, and where no one seems willing to offer him a real apology. â€Å"I’ll be revenged on the whole pack of you,† he snarls, stalking out of the festivities (V. i. 365). His exit strikes a jarring note in an otherwise joyful comedy. Malvolio has no real place in the anarchic world of Twelfth Night, except to suggest that, even in the best of worlds, someone must suffer while everyone else is happy. I n the kingdom of Illyria, a nobleman named Orsino lies around listening to music, pining away for the love of Lady Olivia. He cannot have her because she is in mourning for her dead brother and refuses to entertain any proposals of marriage. Meanwhile, off the coast, a storm has caused a terrible shipwreck. A young, aristocratic-born woman named Viola is swept onto the Illyrian shore. Finding herself alone in a strange land, she assumes that her twin brother, Sebastian, has been drowned in the wreck, and tries to figure out what sort of work she can do. A friendly sea captain tells her about Orsino’s courtship of Olivia, and Viola says that she wishes she could go to work in Olivia’s home. But since Lady Olivia refuses to talk with any strangers, Viola decides that she cannot look for work with her. Instead, she decides to disguise herself as a man, taking on the name of Cesario, and goes to work in the household of Duke Orsino. Viola (disguised as Cesario) quickly becomes a favorite of Orsino, who makes Cesario his page. Viola finds herself falling in love with Orsino—a difficult love to pursue, as Orsino believes her to be a man. But when Orsino sends Cesario to deliver Orsino’s love messages to the disdainful Olivia, Olivia herself falls for the beautiful young Cesario, believing her to be a man. The love triangle is complete: Viola loves Orsino, Orsino loves Olivia, and Olivia loves Cesario—and everyone is miserable. Meanwhile, we meet the other members of Olivia’s household: her rowdy drunkard of an uncle, Sir Toby; his foolish friend, Sir Andrew Aguecheek, who is trying in his hopeless way to court Olivia; Olivia’s witty and pretty waiting-gentlewoman, Maria; Feste, the clever clown of the house; and Malvolio, the dour, prudish steward of Olivia’s household. When Sir Toby and the others take offense at Malvolio’s constant efforts to spoil their fun, Maria engineers a practical joke to make Malvolio think that Olivia is in love with him. She forges a letter, supposedly from Olivia, addressed to her beloved (whose name is signified by the letters M. O. A. I. ), telling him that if he wants to earn her favor, he should dress in yellow stockings and crossed garters, act haughtily, smile constantly, and refuse to explain himself to anyone. Malvolio finds the letter, assumes that it is addressed to him, and, filled with dreams of marrying Olivia and becoming noble himself, happily follows its commands. He behaves so strangely that Olivia comes to think that he is mad. Meanwhile, Sebastian, who is still alive after all but believes his sister Viola to be dead, arrives in Illyria along with his friend and protector, Antonio. Antonio has cared for Sebastian since the shipwreck and is passionately (and perhaps sexually) attached to the young man—so much so that he follows him to Orsino’s domain, in spite of the fact that he and Orsino are old enemies. Sir Andrew, observing Olivia’s attraction to Cesario (still Viola in disguise), challenges Cesario to a duel. Sir Toby, who sees the prospective duel as entertaining fun, eggs Sir Andrew on. However, when Sebastian—who looks just like the disguised Viola—appears on the scene, Sir Andrew and Sir Toby end up coming to blows with Sebastian, thinking that he is Cesario. Olivia enters amid the confusion. Encountering Sebastian and thinking that he is Cesario, she asks him to marry her. He is baffled, since he has never seen her before. He sees, however, that she is wealthy and beautiful, and he is therefore more than willing to go along with her. Meanwhile, Antonio has been arrested by Orsino’s officers and now begs Cesario for help, mistaking him for Sebastian. Viola denies knowing Antonio, and Antonio is dragged off, crying out that Sebastian has betrayed him. Suddenly, Viola has newfound hope that her brother may be alive. Malvolio’s supposed madness has allowed the gleeful Maria, Toby, and the rest to lock Malvolio into a small, dark room for his treatment, and they torment him at will. Feste dresses up as Sir Topas, a priest, and pretends to examine Malvolio, declaring him definitely insane in spite of his protests. However, Sir Toby begins to think better of the joke, and they allow Malvolio to send a letter to Olivia, in which he asks to be released. Eventually, Viola (still disguised as Cesario) and Orsino make their way to Olivia’s house, where Olivia welcomes Cesario as her new husband, thinking him to be Sebastian, whom she has just married. Orsino is furious, but then Sebastian himself appears on the scene, and all is revealed. The siblings are joyfully reunited, and Orsino realizes that he loves Viola, now that he knows she is a woman, and asks her to marry him. We discover that Sir Toby and Maria have also been married privately. Finally, someone remembers Malvolio and lets him out of the dark room. The trick is revealed in full, and the embittered Malvolio storms off, leaving the happy couples to their celebration. Themes, Motifs amp; Symbols Themes Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary  work. Love as a Cause of Suffering Twelfth Night is a romantic comedy, and romantic love is the play’s main focus. Despite the fact that the play offers a happy ending, in which the various lovers find one another and achieve wedded bliss, Shakespeare shows that love can cause pain. Many of the characters seem to view love as a kind of curse, a feeling that attacks its victims suddenly and disruptively. Various characters claim to suffer painfully from being in love, or, rather, from the pangs of unrequited love. At one point, Orsino depicts love dolefully as an â€Å"appetite† that he wants to satisfy and cannot (I. i. 1–3); at another point, he calls his desires â€Å"fell and cruel hounds† (I. i. 21). Olivia more bluntly  describes love as a â€Å"plague† from which she suffers terribly  (I. v. 265). These metaphors contain an element of violence, further painting the love-struck as victims of some random force in the universe. Even the less melodramatic Viola sighs unhappily that â€Å"My state is desperate for my master’s love† (II. ii. 35). This desperation has the potential to result in violence—as in Act V, scene i, when Orsino threatens to kill Cesario because he thinks that -Cesario has forsaken him to become Olivia’s lover. Love is also exclusionary: some people achieve romantic happiness, while others do not. At the end of the play, as the happy lovers rejoice, both Malvolio and Antonio are prevented from having the objects of their desire. Malvolio, who has pursued Olivia, must ultimately face the realization that he is a fool, socially unworthy of his noble mistress. Antonio is in a more difficult situation, as social norms do not allow for the gratification of his apparently sexual attraction to Sebastian. Love, thus, cannot conquer all obstacles, and those whose desires go unfulfilled remain no less in love but feel the sting of its absence all the more severely. The Uncertainty of Gender Gender is one of the most obvious and much-discussed topics in the play. Twelfth Night is one of Shakespeare’s so-called transvestite comedies, in which a female character—in this case, Viola—disguises herself as a man. This situation creates a sexual mess: Viola falls in love with Orsino but cannot tell him, because he thinks she is a man, while Olivia, the object of Orsino’s affection, falls for Viola in her guise as Cesario. There is a clear homoerotic subtext here: Olivia is in love with a woman, even if she thinks he is a man, and Orsino often remarks on Cesario’s beauty, suggesting that he is attracted to Viola even before her male disguise is removed. This latent homoeroticism finds an explicit echo in the minor character of Antonio, who is clearly in love with his male friend, Sebastian. But Antonio’s desires cannot be satisfied, while Orsino and Olivia both find tidy heterosexual gratification once the sexual ambiguities and deceptions are straightened out. Yet, even at the play’s close, Shakespeare leaves things somewhat murky, especially in the Orsino-Viola relationship. Orsino’s declaration of love to Viola suggests that he enjoys prolonging the pretense of Viola’s masculinity. Even after he knows that Viola is a woman, Orsino says to her, â€Å"Boy, thou hast said to me a thousand times / Thou never should’st love woman like to me† (V. i. 260–261). Similarly, in his last lines, Orsino declares, â€Å"Cesario, come— / For so you shall be while you are a man; / But when in other habits you are seen, / Orsino’s mistress, and his fancy’s queen† (V. i. 372–375). Even once everything is revealed, Orsino continues to address Viola by her male name. We can thus only wonder whether Orsino is truly in love with Viola, or if he is more enamoured of her male persona. The Folly of Ambition The problem of social ambition works itself out largely through the character of Malvolio, the steward, who seems to be a competent servant, if prudish and dour, but proves to be, in fact, a supreme egotist, with tremendous ambitions to rise out of his social class. Maria plays on these ambitions when she forges a letter from Olivia that makes Malvolio believe that Olivia is in love with him and wishes to marry him. Sir Toby and the others find this fantasy hysterically funny, of course—not only because of Malvolio’s unattractive personality but also because Malvolio is not of noble blood. In the class system of Shakespeare’s time, a noblewoman would generally not sully her reputation by marrying a man of lower social status. Yet the atmosphere of the play may render Malvolio’s aspirations less unreasonable than they initially seem. The feast of Twelfth Night, from which the play takes its name, was a time when social hierarchies were turned upside down. That same spirit is alive in Illyria: indeed, Malvolio’s antagonist, Maria, is able to increase her social standing by marrying Sir Toby. But it seems that Maria’s success may be due to her willingness to accept and promote the anarchy that Sir Toby and the others embrace. This Twelfth Night spirit, then, seems to pass by Malvolio, who doesn’t wholeheartedly embrace the upending of order and decorum but rather wants to blur class lines for himself alone. Motifs Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text’s major themes. Letters, Messages, and Tokens Twelfth Night features a great variety of messages sent from one character to another—sometimes as letters and other times in the form of tokens. Such messages are used both for purposes of communication and miscommunication—sometimes deliberate and sometimes accidental. Maria’s letter to Malvolio, which purports to be from Olivia, is a deliberate (and successful) attempt to trick the steward. Sir Andrew’s letter demanding a duel with Cesario, meanwhile, is meant seriously, but because it is so appallingly stupid, Sir Toby does not deliver it, rendering it extraneous. Malvolio’s missive, sent by way of Feste from the dark room in which he is imprisoned, ultimately works to undo the confusion caused by Maria’s forged letter and to free Malvolio from his imprisonment. But letters are not the only kind of messages that characters employ to communicate with one another. Individuals can be employed in the place of written communication—Orsino repeatedly sends Cesario, for instance, to deliver messages to Olivia. Objects can function as messages between people as well: Olivia sends Malvolio after Cesario with a ring, to tell the page that she loves him, and follows the ring up with further gifts, which symbolize her romantic attachment. Messages can convey important information, but they also create the potential for miscommunication and confusion—especially with characters like Maria and Sir Toby manipulating the information. Madness No one is truly insane in Twelfth Night, yet a number of characters are accused of being mad, and a current of insanity or zaniness runs through the action of the play. After Sir Toby and Maria dupe Malvolio into believing that Olivia loves him, Malvolio behaves so bizarrely that he is assumed to be mad and is locked away in a dark room. Malvolio himself knows that he is sane, and he accuses everyone around him of being mad. Meanwhile, when Antonio encounters Viola (disguised as Cesario), he mistakes her for Sebastian, and his angry insistence that she recognize him leads people to assume that he is mad. All of these incidents feed into the general atmosphere of the play, in which normal life is thrown topsy-turvy, and everyone must confront a reality that is somehow fractured. Disguises Many characters in Twelfth Night assume disguises, beginning with Viola, who puts on male attire and makes everyone else believe that she is a man. By dressing his protagonist in male garments, Shakespeare creates endless sexual confusion with the Olivia-ViolaOrsino love triangle. Other characters in disguise include Malvolio, who puts on crossed garters and yellow stockings in the hope of winning Olivia, and Feste, who dresses up as a priest—Sir Topas—when he speaks to Malvolio after the steward has been locked in a dark room. Feste puts on the disguise even though Malvolio will not be able to see him, since the room is so dark, suggesting that the importance of clothing is not just in the eye of the beholder. For Feste, the disguise completes his assumption of a new identity—in order to be Sir Topas, he must look like Sir Topas. Viola puts on new clothes and changes her gender, while Feste and Malvolio put on new garments either to impersonate a nobleman (Feste) or in the hopes of becoming a nobleman (Malvolio). Through these disguises, the play raises questions about what makes us who we are, compelling the audience to wonder if things like gender and class are set in stone, or if they can be altered with a change of clothing. Mistaken Identity The instances of mistaken identity are related to the prevalence of disguises in the play, as Viola’s male clothing leads to her being mistaken for her brother, Sebastian, and vice versa. Sebastian is mistaken for Viola (or rather, Cesario) by Sir Toby and Sir Andrew, and then by Olivia, who promptly marries him. Meanwhile, Antonio mistakes Viola for Sebastian, and thinks that his friend has betrayed him when Viola claims to not know him. These cases of mistaken identity, common in Shakespeare’s comedies, create the tangled situation that can be resolved only when Viola and Sebastian appear together, helping everyone to understand what has happened. Symbols Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. Olivia’s Gifts When Olivia wants to let Cesario know that she loves him, she sends him a ring by way of Malvolio. Later, when she mistakes Sebastian for Cesario, she gives him a precious pearl. In each case, the jewel serves as a token of her love—a physical symbol of her romantic attachment to a man who is really a woman. The gifts are more than symbols, though. â€Å"Youth is bought more oft than begged or borrowed,† Olivia says at one point, suggesting that the jewels are intended almost as bribes—that she means to buy Cesario’s love if she cannot win it (III. iv. 3). The Darkness of Malvolio’s Prison When Sir Toby and Maria pretend that Malvolio is mad, they confine him in a pitch-black chamber. Darkness becomes a symbol of his supposed insanity, as they tell him that the room is filled with light and his inability to see is a sign of his madness. Malvolio reverses the symbolism. â€Å"I say this house is as dark as ignorance, though ignorance were as dark as hell; and I say there was never man thus abused† (IV. ii. 40–42). In other words, the darkness—meaning madness—is not in the room with him, but outside, with Sir Toby and Feste and Maria, who have unjustly imprisoned him. Changes of Clothing Clothes are powerful in Twelfth Night. They can symbolize changes in gender—Viola puts on male clothes to be taken for a male— as well as class distinctions. When Malvolio fantasizes about becoming a nobleman, he imagines the new clothes that he will have. When Feste impersonates Sir Topas, he puts on a nobleman’s garb, even though Malvolio, whom he is fooling, cannot see him, suggesting that clothes have a power that transcends their physical function. Twelfth Night Analysis of Fools A fool can be defined in many meanings according to the Oxford English Dictionary On Historical Principles. The word could mean a silly person, or one who professionally counterfeits folly for the entertainment of others, a jester, clown or one who has little or no reason or intellect or one who is made to appear to be a fool (word originated from North Frisian). In english literature, the two main ways which the fool could enter imaginative literature is that He could provide a topic, a theme for mediation, or he could turn into a stock character on the stage, a stylized comic figure. In William Shakespeares comedy, Twelfth Night, Feste the clown is not the only fool who is subject to foolery. He and many other characters combine their silly acts and wits to invade other characters that evade reality or rather realize a dream, while our sympathies go out to those. It is natural that the fool should be a prominent amp; attractive figure and make an important contribution to the action in forming the confusion and the humor in an Elizabethan drama. In Twelfth Night, the clown and the fools are the ones who combine humor ;amp; wit to make the comedy work. Clowns, jesters, and Buffoons are usually regarded as fools. Their differences could be of how they dress, act or portrayed in society. A clown for example, was understood to be a country bumpkin or cloun'. In Elizabethan usage, the word clown is ambiguous meaning both countryman and principal comedian. Another meaning given to it in the 1600 is a fool or jester. As for a buffoon, it is defined as a man whose profession is to make low jests and antics postures; a clown, jester, fool. The buffoon is a fool because although he exploits his own weaknesses instead of being exploited by others. he resembles other comic fools. This is similar to the definition of a Jester who is also known as a buffoon, or a merry andrew. One maintained in a princes court or noblemans household. As you can see, the buffoon, jester and the clown are all depicted as fools and are related ;amp; tied to each other in some sort of way. They relatively have the same objectives in their roles but in appearance wise (clothes, physical features) they may be different. In Shakespeares Twelfth Night, Festes role in this Illyrian comedy is significant because Illyria is a country permeated with the spirit of the Feast of Fools, where identities are confused, uncivil rule applauded and no harm is done. In Illyria therefore the fool is not so much a critic of his environment as a ringleader, a merry-companion, a Lord of Misrule. Being equally welcome above and below stairs.. makes Feste significant as a character. In Twelfth Night, Feste plays the role of a humble clown employed by Olivias father playing the licensed fool of their household. We learn this in Olivias statement stating that Feste is an allowed fool(I. v. 93) meaning he is licensed, privileged critic to speak the truth of the people around him. We also learn in a statement by Curio to the Duke that Feste is employed by Olivias father. Feste the jester a fool that the Lady Olivias father took much pleasure in(II. iv. 11). Feste is more of the comic truth of the comedy. Although he does not make any profound remarks, he seems to be the wisest person within all the characters in the comedy. Viola remarks this by saying This fellows wise enough to play the fool(III. i. 61). Since Feste is a licensed fool, his main role in Twelfth Night is to speak the truth. This is where the humor lies, his truthfulness. In one example he proves Olivia to be a true fool by asking her what she was mourning about. The point